2 
  -2023
..  
 
( )
:      : 100
:    -    ,        
             

1.        ,     
      
2.         
-
3.   -  '    
4. 
      ?      
,      
-
5.              '  
2 
6.         
-
7.   
  ?   -  '    
8.              
  -2023
..  
 
( )
:      : 100
:    -    ,        
             

1.        ,     
      
: : , ,        

      
         -          
   ,     ?    
      
    -    ,     ,    ,
  ,      ?
2 
  
           
  ?
                 ,
             , 
     
 ( ):
             
,   ,   -       
 :
  ,         ,  :
"
 



 




"
   :
"
 



















"
  
     (     ) -- 
1.  
           (   ),  
(  ),    (  , , )      
   
 ,        
 
2.  
        :
  
  
 
    
2 
    
;          
 
3.   
          :
     ,       
 
      ,   -     

,        
 
4. -
                
       -  ,  ,    , 
5. - 
       -    ,   ,  , 
 ,    
             
  
  
         
      :
  -         
 -  ,  
  -    ,  , 
   - , ,  
  -  ,      (  COVID-19)  
,           
     
             -      

1.  
2 
  ,          , 1887  ,
      
     "   " (1887)
          

2. - 
   :
"







,
 





"
 -     
   ,              
,   ,            ,
       
 
3.  
  -   (  , , )   , 
        
  ,        
          
4. :
   (  ) 
 
            
     
   ,           
1.  
 ,           
   ?    
                 -
                
2.    
     :
 
  
2 
 
             -  ,
, , 
3.   
          -      ,  ,
    -     
4.  
     ,            -
   ,  ,  , 
,  
             

  ,          ()    
 (  )             
,  ,       
 
  
  :
             
          
     ,    -   
               
      -  
        
    
2.         
:   ?
   ,            
       ,         

  , , ,       
2 
,  '             -    
     -      :
1.  
2.   
  
1.  -  
                 
     ,   ,   ,      
         
 ,    :
           
  ,  ,  , ,         
    ,       
2.   -  
  ,                  
,     ,       
 
 ,     :
         
 ,  , ,        
,     
      
          :
1.  / 
 ():           ' 

  ()):        
       
2 
2. 
:      
: ,     
3. 
:  ,              
   
: ,       
4.  
:,           
:    , 
         
5. 
:  , ,       
:  ,  ,    
6.   
:  ,       (  , ,
)   
:     '   
7.   
: ,  ,  , ,       
  
:   '     ,      

8. 
:       ,    ,
    
:  ' ,       
     
   ,       :
2 
󷃆󼽢   
     ,         
󷃆󼽢   
            
    
󷃆󼽢    
      ,     - 
󷃆󼽢  
       -      ,   
   
󷃆󼽢  
        ,    
   
 ():
 

  
 
  ():
 
 
  
 
   
?
             :
      
2 
        
    '     
             
 -     
  ,          -  :
        ,      
      ,    
         
    ,  ,       ...   
,      
 
    -          -  
 :


 


 


  

   
  
  
   

  
  
   

 (   )
 ( / )

, ,   
 , , 
         , 
     
       ,     
2 

            - 
 (
     )   (    )    
        
      
 
-
3.   -  '   
:󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹 -:     
  ?
  
          , , ,
                    
                
,    
     
,       -    ,   ,   ,  
     ,        ,  
                   
                
 
      
 ,  
       ,      
              
        
󼨻󼨼   ?
     ,          
                 
     ,    ,    , 
                 

 
,  
            ?    
        
󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔   
        -    
2 
1.       󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬
:               ,
   ,      ,     
    
:              ,
      ,          
      '     ,     

2.    󺫦󺫤󺫥󺫧
:                
            
:    ,     '    ,   
     ,          
      
3.      󼽰󼽱󼽲
:              
   
:              
 ,                    
  -     
4.      󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔
:              
           
:   ,  ,      
        ,         
2 
5.     󼮹󼮺󼮻󼮼󼮽󼮾
:                 
           
:          ,  ,   

            ,   -  

6.     󷕘󷕙󷕚
:             
 
           
:             
         ,       '
      
7.      󹳬󹳭󹳮󹳯󹳰󹳳󹳱󹳲
:           ,  
       
:          ,    
    '   
8.    󷊄󷊅󷊆󷊇󷊈󷊉
:    
   , ,   
          
: -19  ,        
   ,      ;     ,
   
9.    󺯑󺯒󺯓󺯔󺯕󺯖󺯗󺯘󺯙󺯚󺯛󺯜󺯝
:              
   
2 
:     , , ,    
               
 ,       
10.    󼿍󼿎󼿑󼿒󼿏󼿓󼿐󼿔
:  ,   ,      -
     
:  ()      ,   
               
11.    󷃆󹸊󹸋
:               
     ,         
:             
  
                   
12.    󼼜󼼝󼼡󼼞󼼟󼼠
:        -       
   -      -        
:          ,   
   
     ,        
13.    󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤
:               
   
:   -          
-         ,          

2 
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 
  ,               
       ,         
     '           
   ,      
       -
       

         -      ,
        ,   
   
   ,    -   
,     !
4. 
      ?      
,      
:    
          -   ,  
,   ,        -       
    ,          
 ,
                , 
       ,         
     
 
            
 :
1.  -     '   
2. -   -      
   ,        
  ?
         '        
 -       -            
  
:
          ,     
,      ,   ' -       
2 
:
    ,            - 
 ,     ,          
      
  
1. - :
       '   
2.   '  :
            
3.   :
         
4.  :

       ,       
5.  :
       '    
  ?
                
                 
:
           
 ,   -
  '            
:
   ,         ,   
 '  , ,          
  
1.    :
      -      
2 
2.   :
             
3.   :
              
4. :
               

5.    :
        ,        
    
  :
1.  :
     '     ,       
  

2.  :
, ,           
 
3.  :
-  '           
     
  :
1.  :
     (         ) 
 
2.  :
             
  
3.  :
, ,    -     
4. - :
   ,         
2 
          |
  ,       ',     

  :
1.  :
      ,        
   
2.  :
          ,    


3.  :
 -        
 
4.    :
-          
5.     :
  ,    '          
  :
1.      :
  '    ,        
   
2.   :
             
3.   '  
 :
    '         
    
4.     :
       ,    
  
2 
5.  
 :

         '   ,     
   
       ?
           10   , 
    
      
       
       -  ,   
                
 ,   '     :
  
 
  
   
    

               ' 
 ,       '      
       -         , 
           
              -  
 ,                
 
  ,  ,        
           
-
5.              '  
: -:      
2 
                 
,      '              
    -       ,  , , , 
  
          -     ,
, ,         -   
  
 
     
,         
             
   ?
                  
                 
       '       
     :
1.    :        
2.  :       
3. :   ,       
4.   :      
     
5.    :         ,  
  , 
   :
  (   )
BSNL (   )
   
  (      )
   
?
  ,            
               
 
2 
,   ,           '
              
 
               
󷨕󷨓󷨔        
1.     
  ,  , ,       
               

:     -       
       
 
2.     
, ,              
       ,       
       
:   (   )     
  
 
3.    
             
               
   
:           
    
4.      
     ,  ,    
              
 
:            
   
5.  '  
2 
      ,       '  
  ,           
󹸯󹸭󹸮  :   
   
          
 
󷃆󼽢  / 
a)  
    ,        , 
   ,  
     
)  
    '   ,        ,
          
c)   
     
    
 
d)  
       (   ,  ) 
    
󽅂  / 
a)  
   ,   ,            
 -        

:          
)   
    , ,        
c)   

         
,    
   
2 
d)  
              
  ,     '   
󷃆󹸊󹸋    
    ,    (  1991)  ,   
        :
1.           
2. -  (PPPs)-         
3. -        
4. -        
:              
 
󷃆󼽢   
     '  
    
     
     
     

 ,             
               , 
  ,      
 
,      ,   ,   
    '   
   ,          
     -   -      
 
2 
6.         
:       ,      
           -       '   ,
     ,            
     ,          
   
   ? (" ")
      ,       , 
  (PWD)               
  -     
:
               
      '  
:
   
    '   
    
  
    
:
  
 
   
  ()
 
  
  ,    -         
,           '     
2 
   ? (""  "")
,         ,   ,  ,    
         -     
:
                 
 ,     
:
  
     
   
     
       
:
    (UPSC)
 
  (     )
   (  )
      (CAG)
        ,   (  ) 
       
    
         
       
            :
   :   (   )       ,  
,                
,         
2 
   :   (  )      
     -    ,     
,         
,       ,        
 
      
 
 
 

     
 ,  ,   
  

     

       
 

       
  
      

 ,   ,
...
 ,  , 
 

  -
, ,  -

    
 
     

 
 
   
, , , 
     
      '          
 ,
          , , ,    
 -          
,    ,  
 
   
  :
      -    
2 
       ,   
   '                  
                    
       
     
  
   :
      
 
     
 
  ,           
   :
         
  
       
         
  
 ,           :
         
               

          ,     
  ,  ,   ,      

                -   
 ,      
         
          
2 
     ,            
  ,             
    
-
7.   
  ?   -  '    
: -:
  
  '        ,     , 
         ,       ,  
             
      
        ,       ,   
         
  ,             
   ,            
               ,  
       
  :
             ,   
             -  -
        ,        ,
       
:
"       ,       '    
    " -  . 
  :
       
 
 
       
  
 
2 
    
   
 
 ,         ,       ,
              
󼨐󼨑󼨒   :
  ,                  
                 
            
1.     ( )
  
             
  ,        
     ,
     ,      
             
 :
       
       
      
        
 :
1.     
2.     
3.   
4.    
5.   
6.    
7.    
2 
:
    ,  
   ,     
         
,      
  
2.    (   )
   
 
,    ,      
  '  
 , 
         

  .         
 :
,       
    ,         
      " "   
    ,        
:
         
,   "  " 
           
:
               
3.   ( . )
 
   '          
 , 
- --       '    
 
 
           
 :
  "   "     
       ,    
  '     '     
     '   
2 
:
  -     
  -      
      
:
   
    
  
:
     
      

4.    (, ,  )
     ,
 , ,        ,
             
     ,       '   
 :
       

 ,        

          
  ,  ,      
:
   ,       ,  
   , 
 
      ,     ,  
 -   
:
  
        
 
5.    
2 
           '   ,      ,
      ,       
         
 :
   
      
       
      
:
        
         '      
:
  
 
       
    
:
   
           
:
          , , ,   
      ,      -     
        -         ,  -  
  
      ,           -
 , , , ,         
 
   ,       ,        ,
-              
 :
2 


 
  
,  

 
   

  
 -- 

   
, -  
   
  
  

8.              
:      :   
-
    ,  " ,  ,   "    
                
    ?             
  ?            
 
       :
  -  
   -    -  
            ,   
 ,       
 1:     -   
               
        ?         
      
          

2 
   
     ()      ( ) 
        
        
            -    
   :
     
     
     '      
 ,           ,    
              
   
 (    32  226  )
                
      :
 :"  "          -
   '      
:" 
  "        
 
:            
:   -          
 
 :       '     
 
                
       ,           
   
                 
   ,      ,    
 
  (PIL)
                '   
  
,             , 
          ,      -   
      
2 
 2:    -   
,              
   
  ,   ,       
   -          
    
              ,
        ,       , 
     
      :
  
   
 
   
     
   (...)
 , 2005,              
                ' 30
         ,        
'          
 
         ,    
 ,                
     
  
            , 
   ,   '        
            
 
    
               ,    
        ,       
         
2 
  
      ,         
  ,               
          
 
-      
-   (NGOs)            ,
    ,           
 
 
    
    ,     
    :
   
    
 
    
      
   :
      
        
-       
 -      

   ,     ,    
    
           ,  
           ,    
    
          


,       
      

,           
  -     
,       

"               

       ,         "